Following the primary immune response, which cells give rise to memory cells?

In the immune system, memory cells are specialized cells that help the body remember past infections, allowing for a more rapid and effective response to subsequent exposures to the same pathogen. The correct understanding is that both B-cells and T-cells give rise to memory cells after the primary immune response.

During the primary immune response, when a pathogen is first encountered, B-cells recognize specific antigens and differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies. Alongside this, some of the activated B-cells become memory B-cells, which persist in the body for long periods and can quickly respond if the same antigen is encountered again.

Similarly, T-cells, specifically helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells, also differentiate into memory T-cells during this primary response. These memory T-cells play a critical role in mounting a swift immune response if the body is re-exposed to the pathogen in the future.

The mention of macrophages is notable because while they play a pivotal role in the immune system by engulfing pathogens and presenting antigens to T-cells, they do not specifically give rise to memory cells. Macrophages do not undergo the same kind of differentiation that leads to memory cell formation.

Overall, both B-cells and